Excluding royal dynasties and land-owning aristocracy, the wealthiest families since the emergence of bankingand early capitalism in the Italian Renaissance were:[citation needed]
- The Bardi family of Florence (14th century)
- The Medici family, as owners of the Medici Bank, the richest family in 15th-century Europe.[53]
- The Gondi family of Florence, financial partners of the Medici family in the 15th century.
- The Fugger family of mercantile bankers and venture capitalists was among the richest families in the 16th century.[54]
- The Welser family, alongside the Fugger one of the most important families of merchant bankers in 16th-century Europe.
- The Baring family, owners of an important merchant bank in London in the 18th to 19th centuries.
- The Schröder family, a leading Hanseatic family of Hamburg in the 18th to 19th centuries.
- The Rothschild family of bankers became the richest family in the mid-19th century.[55]
- The Goldman–Sachs family, owners of the Goldman Sachs investment bank from 1869 to 1912.[56]
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- ^ John Pitman, Cristina von Zeppelin, Chandrani Ghosh, David Armstrong, The Dynasties, Forbes, 28 February 2002. "The names are famous and often synonymous with great brands, from spaghetti to tires; those who bear them are without question fabulously wealthy. Yet the Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Michelins and 35 other billionaire families don't appear on the Forbes World's Richest People list. Why not? It's a question of degrees. We have tried to distinguish between fortunes that belong to individuals or nuclear families, and those that have been passed down through more than one branch of the family tree and are often shared by dozens of heirs."
- ^ Note: The Rothschild family is one of the world's richest families [1], accumulating wealth since their rise in the 19th century, which is now divided among a web of descendants. However, the ownership structure is often opaque, which makes it hard to estimate the family wealth, and there have been controversial, often conspiratorial attempts to do so. Sources: "The Rothschilds’ family fortune", Financial Times, 25 March 2010, and "FACT CHECK: Rothschild Family Wealth, Snopes
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- ^ Approximately (euro to dollar conversion rate as of September 2018 https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=44.8&From=EUR&To=USD
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- ^ "The world's richest families revealed". MSN. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
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- ^ "Medtech's Billionaires: #1 The Stryker Family and John Brown - MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers". Quote: Sibling heirs Ronda ($3.7B), Pat ($2.2B), and Jon Stryker ($1.93B) ... all became wealthy through Kalamazoo, MI-based Stryker Corp.
- ^ "Forbes List". Ranking Interesting Facts About Africa. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Financial Review Rich List:
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